The economy is based on competition—violence. Nature is exploited to make money. There can only be an end to poverty and pollution when we discover a spiritual economy that is based on relationships, not ownership, with each other and with nature. We must realize that nature is the real source of our wealth.
By Satish Kumar
If we want to bring about a transformation in the way our society is run and in our attitudes towards other living things on Earth, we need to differentiate between the problem and its symptoms.
For example, at the moment everyone is talking about climate change. But, climate change is not the problem—it is a symptom of the problem and we need to go deeper than just talking about treating the symptoms. It is a characteristic of modern times to look at how to treat the symptoms rather than tackling the real reasons why we are changing the whole atmosphere that sustains us.
How did we manage to reach the stage where we are sawing off the tree of the branch upon which we are sitting? The answer is that we have lost the idea of the spirit and we have just concentrated on matter; we have become wedded to the religion of materialism. But matter is no matter unless it has spirit. Matter on its own is useless. A human body is made up of a head, arms and legs, but it is of no use without the human spirit; the body serves no purpose unless it has a spirit to bring it to life.
In the last few hundred years, a number of Western philosophers and scientists such as Descartes and Newton looked upon the Earth as an object of human dominance. We have come to believe that humans are a superior species, in charge of the Earth and its inhabitants.
Over the years we have tried to rid ourselves of many of the ‘-isms’, such as imperialism, nationalism and sexism, but now we are in a world of speciesism, where we think that the human species is superior and thus, rightfully in charge of everything. We used to own slaves but now we own Nature; Nature has no rights and we can claim possession of natural things wherever and whenever we want. But the moment we adopt a different worldview and see Nature not as dead matter but as a living thing, suddenly we enter in a deep relationship with the natural world. Then, we are able to recognize that Nature rights are equal to human rights.
In fact, humans are also an integral part of Nature. The Latin word natalis, which means ‘born,’ is the root of the word ‘nature’ and is also the root of words relating to the birth of humans, such as ‘prenatal’ and ‘postnatal’. Similarly, for example, we refer to ‘native Africans’, meaning those who are born and live in Africa. ‘Natal’, ‘native’, ‘nativity’ and ‘nature’ all come from the same word. We are part of Nature and not owners of Nature; we do not own the trees, the land and the rivers: we have a relationship with them.
The idea, prevalent in modern economics, that we human beings own Nature and can therefore treat her as we like is fundamentally flawed. Unless we can change this idea and create a fundamental paradigm shift from the ownership of Nature to a relationship with Nature, climate change will continue and the consequences will become more severe.
Even if we shift from burning fossil fuels to generating power in other ways—whether wind power, solar generation, nuclear energy or using biofuels—we are still only treating the symptoms. If we think we can control the rivers, the animals, and the rainforest based on the ideas of separation from and ownership of Nature, then all our efforts towards sustainability are just an illusion. Technological solutions must be balanced by psychological transformation.
There is a big difference between ownership and relationship. There was a time when people owned other people as slaves and wealth was measured by the number of slaves within a household. There was also a time when men thought they could own women; we have managed to change this idea and now we know men cannot own their wives or any woman for that matter; it is a relationship, not ownership.
But the idea that the forests, the land and the animals are our slaves still remains. We force animals into factory farms and cages where they’re barely able to move. We value them based on what they can provide and exploit them as we like. As long as this mindset—this anthropocentric view—continues, climate change is not going to go away.
We urgently need to make a quantum leap from an anthropocentric worldview to a geocentric worldview. We need to accept the intrinsic value of all life—human life as well as other-than-human life. The human community is part of the larger Earth community. Economy must operate in harmony with ecology. This change of worldview as well as a change of heart must come about from the bottom up, from the grassroots. We have to build a people’s movement to create a culture of ecology.
We can continue live in an illusion, thinking that governments should do something about climate change, but the reality is that the world will never be free of climate change unless people change their relationship with the Earth. As guests on this Earth, we should be the friends of the Earth. In the western world, we follow trends and the current trend is to talk, usually in despair, about climate change. In the 1960s, the trend was to talk about nuclear war. When I met Bertrand Russell (then aged 92), I said, “Lord Russell, you are my inspiration but I have one problem with your philosophy, and that is that your agenda on nuclear war is driven by fear.”
The same is happening with the mounting public awareness of climate change: it is driven by fear—fear of the loss of the consumerist way of life and of our material possessions. It is fear that is driving much of the environmental movement. As I pointed out to Bertrand Russell, “Peace is a way of life—peace does not come from fear of nuclear weapons.” In the same way sustainability is also a way of life—it is not something we do just to save our possessions. We have to move away from the mindset of fear. Our environmentalism should be inspired by love of life, love of communities, love of people, love of the Earth and love of Nature.
The Buddha was an environmentalist 2,600 years ago before there was any acknowledgement of climate change; he sat under a tree seeking enlightenment and said, “We must have love for the tree.” But nowadays we don’t sit under the tree; instead we think, “How can I use the tree for my profit – how can I make money out of it or how can I build my house or make my furniture with it?” For the Buddha, the tree was sacred: it had intrinsic value; but for Western civilization, it is just an object.
The spiritual economy teaches us to have no fear and to celebrate the Earth—that is the reason we are environmentalists. We do not want to save the Earth because of our fear of climate change, but because of our love for the Earth. In a spiritual economy, the relationship between every living plant and creature is part of a delicate balance; worms are sacred, for without them to condition the soil there would be no food—so we have to respect worms. Once we have this reverence for the Earth, then all our economic systems will naturally be sustainable.
The endless disaster news coverage and hopeless talk about climate change is distracting us from the real issue. The world’s current approach to climate change only focuses on treating the symptoms. Everyone, especially politicians and business leaders, are jumping onto this bandwagon. They have not learned to love the Earth; rather, they are consumed by the idea that climate change will provide them with new business opportunities for economic growth. They are enthralled by the mantra “economic growth, economic growth, economic growth.” I prefer my mantra, which is “Earth I love, Earth I celebrate, Earth I enjoy.” And to enjoy the gifts of the Earth, we must look after her, care for her, and preserve her as privileged members of life on this Earth.
Warming of our planet is unequivocal, and caring for the Earth is our principal responsibility. Economics of course has its place, but it must be kept in its place and not be the dominant force. Ecos is the Greek word for ‘home’, logos means ‘knowledge’, and nomos means ‘management’. If we don’t know our planet is our home, how are we going to take care of it? That’s why ecology comes first. Once we realize the subservient place of economics to ecology, then we will be able to begin to tackle climate change. Climate change is fueled by globalization and by the dominance of economics over everything else. As Einstein once told us, we cannot solve a problem with the same mindset that caused it in the first place.
We must aim for something more than endless economic growth—a growth which is soulless and leads to ecological destruction. And what happens to the trillions of dollars that economic growth has created? We see it spent on war or the weapons needed for war. Money beyond a certain limit can be a burden; it can bring unhappiness and, worse, poverty and exploitation. Money is not real wealth. The Earth is the true source of our wealth. Balance is what we must aim for, where there are no extremes of wealth and poverty, because as long as there are extremely wealthy people there will be extremely poor people. If we truly want to eradicate poverty, we also must make wealth history. A state of balance, equity and equanimity is the spiritual economy.
About the Author
Satish Kumar is a former monk and long-term peace and environment activist, campaigning for land reform in India and working to turn Gandhi’s vision of a renewed and a peaceful world into reality. Currently, Satish Kumar is an Editor Emeritus at the Resurgence & Ecologist magazine, where he has served as editor for more than 40 years.
